Dedication vii Acknowledgments xiii About the Author xv Foreword by Jim Mazzo xvi Foreword by I. Howard Fine, MD xvii Foreword by Emanuel Rosen, Bsc, MD, FRCSE, FRCOphth, FRPS xviii Foreword by Christopher Morgan xx Preface xxi Chronology of Sir Harold Ridley xxix Chapter 1: The Secret Code: The “Extra-Capsular Ext.” 2 London. November 29, 1949 2 A Gift to the World 6

Why Did It Take So Long? 10 Chapter 2: From Darkness to Light 14 Eye Surgery in the Dark Ages; Perforation of the Eye With a Needle 16 The “Black Hole” 17 From Darkness to Light 19 Cataract—The Most Common Cause of Visual Loss 21 Cataracts May Cause Morbidity in Addition to Simple Vision Loss 24 Colors and the Cataracts of Claude Monet 25 Chapter 3: Roots of a Modest Giant of Science 30 The Ridleys: 1555 32 The Parkers: “Do It and It’s Done.” 34 The World Harold Was Born Into 35 The Early Years 39 School Days and Medical Training 43 Chapter 4: “David, Mr. Ridley Wants to Meet You” 52 July 1980 to May 1989: Arrival to a New Job 52 Summer, 1985: A Summons to Visit Mr. Ridley 58 From the Old Country to America’s Heartland, My Ancestors, Origins, Childhood, and Medical Training (1941-1985) 61 History and Heroes 63 Entering the Field of Medicine—The Eyes Have It 65 Charleston and the Apple Korps 67 Triumphs and Tragedies: 1989-Present 72 Summary 73 Chapter 5: River Walks 78 The Quest for a Complete Cataract Operation 79 Clinical Diagnosis of Cataract 80 Three Surgical Methods to Remove a Cataract 91 Chapter 6: Adlertag: The Quest for a Complete Cataract Operation, Step 2: Visual Rehabilitation with the IOL 98 Casanova, Quacks, Progressives, and Prophets 102 The “Airplane Story” Unfolds: “A Story Too Good to Be True” 104 The Setting: Royal Air Force Tangmere and Surrounding Hospitals 106 The Players 109 “Mouse” Cleaver and the Pilots of the 601 Squadron 111 Fury Across Europe 116 Adlertag: “You Will Wipe the British Air Force From the Sky” 118 Coming Full Circle: One Piece of Plastic Is Replaced with Another 120 What Was Flight Lieutenant Cleaver’s Precise Role in the Development of the IOL? 122 The Invention of the IOL: The Actual Sequence of Events, ca 1935 to 1951 123 Epilogue: It’s Plastic! 125 Chapter 7: A Simple Question, Mobilization 128 The Pilot 130 The Student 130 The Optician and the Chemist: The Cure of Cataract 133 The Surgeon 138 Chapter 8: The Operation: November 29, 1949 140 The “Brave Londoners” 142 A Lingering Question 147 Chapter 9: Rapid Descent Into a Period of Doldrums 150 A Mistake Leads to an Early Unveiling 151 A Prophet in His Own Country 152 Harold’s First Rebuff 154 Sir Stewart Duke-Elder 155 D.E. 160 A Fast Downhill Slope 161 “Put Out to Pasture” 162 Chicago 163 A Rejection From a Colleague in Ocular Pathology 164 A Different Outcome? 165 Chapter 10: A Gradual Ascent to a New Revolution in Surgical Eye Care 166 “Who Would Support Me Before Peter Choyce?” 168 Other Supporters and Pioneers 171 The Philadelphia Story 172 Munich, 1966 173 Paris, 1974 174 “America’s Doctor” Prescribes the IOL to the FDA 175 Unstoppable Forward Movement 177 Chapter 11: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Evolution of IOLs, Ups and Downs 180 IOL Design: Haptics and Loops: Solving the Problem of Decentration 184 Material Problems 187 Secondary Cataracts (Posterior Capsular Opacification) 188 Infections (Endophthalmitis) 190 Evolutionary Excellence 191 Chapter 12: Let’s Get Rid of Our Glasses 192 Corneal Refractive Surgery 196 Intraocular Lens Refractive Surgery 198 Svyatoslav Fyodorov 200 Phakic Intraocular Lenses 200 Bifocal and Multifocal Intraocular Lenses 201 The Start of Something Big 202 Chapter 13: Innovations in Addition to the Intraocular Lens 204 Tropical Ophthalmology: Onchocerciasis (River Blindness) and Cataract-IOL Surgery in the Developing World 205 Shipped Out 209 Attacking River Blindness 209 Applying Laboratory Technology to Cataract-IOL Surgery in the Developing World 212 Bringing Light to the Underprivileged World: Introducing the Modern Cataract-IOL Operation 215 Ridley Establishes a Foundation 217 Chapter 14: Released Prisoners of War in Thailand and Burma 220 Nutritional Amblyopia: Involvement of the Optic Nerve and Macula 221 Chapter 15: Technical Applications from World War II 228 Televising Eye Operations 230 Noninvasive Diagnosis of the Retina and Optic Nerve 231 Chapter 16: Biomedical Engineering and Artificial Organ Transplantation 239 Chapter 17: Honors, Many Received “Long After I Should Have Been Gone” 244 A Book Signed by Grateful Surgeons 246 Election to the Royal Society 246 An Honorary Doctor’s Degree 248 Celebrating the Intraocular Lens’ 50th Anniversary at the Royal Albert Science Museum 249 Election to Ophthalmology Hall of Fame 251 A Long and Illustrious List 251 Chapter 18: Knighthood and the End 252 “What Was a Miracle Yesterday Remains a Miracle Today and Forever” 253 Success at Last 255 Confronting Old Age 256 The End of a Long and Fruitful Journey 258 The Farewell 258 Words of Respect 259 A Fitting Place for a Memorial Service 260 Chapter 19: A Service of Thanksgiving and Redemption on Battle of Britain Sunday, September 18, 2005 262 Appendices   Glossary 271 Map of England 281 Map of London 283 Landmark Articles 285 The Ridley Foundation 289 Publications: Sir Harold Ridley, MD, Cantab, FRCS, Eng. FRS 291 Sir Harold Ridley: Memberships, Presentations, and Honors 297 David J. Apple, IOL-Related Articles, Early Phase (1984-1986). 299 Articles, Editorials, and Obituaries written by David J. Apple about Sir Harold Ridley 303 List 1: Visual Acuity Measurements 305 List 2: World Health Organization Classification of Visual Impairment (Simplified) 307 Photo Credit List 309 Index 311